Introduction: Childbirth is a Painful experience for most of women. Acupressure is a noninvasive method that has been suggested for labor Pain relief. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of acupressure on labor Pain relief among parturient women in Kamali hospital in city of Karadj, near Tehran in year 2006.Methods: This double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 128 women in labor admitted with cervical dilatation of 3 cm. They were randomly assigned to intervention group with 30 minutes of acupressure on SP-6 point or comparison group with SP-6 point touch for 30 minutes. Visual analogue scale assessments were used to measure labor Pain in both groups and to compare the results in several stages: before intervention, immediately after intervention, 30 minutes after intervention, and then every hour until the end of the first stage of labor. Differences of Pain Intensity as measured in different stages within each group were also compared with each other.Results: None of the above-mentioned comparisons showed a significant difference, except for significant difference in Pain Intensity as measured at different stages within each group, which indicated increasing Pain Intensity from immediately after intervention through the end of f the first stage of labor in both groups ( p<0.0001).Conclusion: These finding showed that SP-6 point acupressure alone cannot effectively relieve labor Pain and needs to be accompanied with other noninvasive analgesic methods.

Background: Chronic Pain is a burdensome symptom. Different psychological models have been proposed to explain the role of psychological and social factors in developing and maintaining chronic Pain. Attachment is a psychological construct of possible relevance in chronic Pain. Aims: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of predicting attachment styles on Pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic Pain. Methods: In a descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling was used to select 120 chronic Pain patients from Pain clinic of akhtar hospital in Tehran, Iran during three months. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire, Adult Attachment Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and step by step regression models. Results: The correlations between attachment styles & depending variables in this study were significantly (P<0/01). Based on the results of regression analysis, secure and ambivalent attachment styles was able to predicted Pain catastrophizing in patients with chronic Pain. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that secure and ambivalent attachment styles can predict Pain catastrophizing. Considering these variables may be important in the processes of prevention, diagnosis and treatment reparation of attachment, as well as promoting mental health in patients with chronic Pain.

Aim and Background: There is a relation between patients' levels of physical functioning and their acceptance of chronic Pain. However, this relation has not been examined amongst Iranian chronic Pain patients. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the relation between acceptance of chronic Pain and physical disability.Methods and Materials: In a descriptive-correlational study, convenience sampling was used to select 245 chronic Pain patients from Pain clinics in Tehran, Iran during spring and summer of 2010. The participants completed the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ) and a demographic questionnaire. They also provided information about physical disability, Pain Intensity, and daily dysfunction. Data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and multiple hierarchical regression models.Findings: There were significant relations between acceptance of Pain and Pain Intensity and disability (P<0.01). According to the regression model, acceptance of Pain could predict a significant proportion of variance of disability scales (i.e. physical disability and daily dysfunction) (P<0.01). Therefore, it was a better predictor of disability compared to over Pain Intensity, gender, education, and Pain duration.Conclusions: Chronic Pain acceptance is an important factor in reducing the perceived disability in chronic Pain patients. Therefore, acceptance-based treatment methods are helpful to decrease Pain-related disability.

Background: Pain Catastrophizing and Pain anxiety are important variables in chronic Pain perception, but little is known about their role in Pain Intensity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety in predicting Pain Intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Method: This study was a correlational study. From women with rheumatoid arthritis referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital and private clinics in Tehran, 100 patients were selected using convenience sampling method. Instruments used in this study included the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (Sullivan et al, 1995), the Pain-Anxiety Symptom Scale (McCracken et al, 1996), and the Visual Analogue Scale. Results: The results showed that Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety significantly predicted Pain Intensity in women with rheumatoid arthritis. The standardized regression coefficient for Pain catastrophizing was 0/51 (P<0/001) and for Pain anxiety was 0/30 (P<0/01). Conclusions: Pain catastrophizing and Pain anxiety can increase chronic Pain in women with rheumatoid arthritis by increasing their Pain Intensity. Therefore, these factors need to be considered in the management and treatment of these patients.

Introduction: This study aimed at investigating these models through evaluation of one psychological variable correlation (Pain self efficacy) with Pain Intensity in multiple sclerosis patients.Method: In this study, 249 patients were selected through convenient sampling. They were selected among those who referred to M.S assembly of Isfahan. The data were analyzed through Pearson product moment correlation, regression analysis, and MANOVA.Results: There is a significant negative correlation between Pain self-efficacy and perceived Intensity in M.S patients. The results of MANOVA also indicate that the highest correlation was reported to be between the highest rate of Pain and the lowest rate of Pain self-efficacy among the patients.Conclusion: This study provided empirical evidence supporting bio-psycho-social model and shows that psychological factors influence the perception and experience of Pain Intensity.

Background: Labor and delivery are physiological conditions that occur due to the contraction of the smooth muscles of the uterus. Labor Pain is one of the most severe Pains that anyone can experience, and its control is one of the most important goals of health care. Methods: This study was performed on 130 healthy pregnant women who had gestational ages of 37 to 40 weeks and were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups using the closed envelope technique. Then a virtual reality (VR) headset containing a game was provided to the study subjects in the intervention group. The Harman Fear of childbirth questionnaire and visual analog scale (VAS) were completed at different times across labor according to the study protocol. The minimum time for using the headset was 20 minutes until the end of the first stage of labor. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated measures test via SPSS software version 20. Results: The results showed a significant difference in Pain score between the study groups. Despite expecting increasing Pain Intensity with labor progression, participants in the VR group reported less Pain Intensity and fear of labor Pain compared to control subjects (F = 8. 18, P < 0. 05, between four and ten cervical dilatations). Conclusions: Virtual reality interventions can be regarded as a new non-pharmaceutical strategy to control labor Pain and fear of normal vaginal delivery in pregnant women.

In reproductive age women, endometriosis is one of the most common gynecologic disorder, ap-pearing in an estimated 10% of reproductive age women (1). Pain is the main symptom in this pa-tient, that cause reduces quality of life (QOL), fertility (reduces sexual intercourse), and sexual function (2, 3). The presence of chronic diseases is one of the most important factors that can af-fect sexual satisfaction. . . .